The following is an excerpt....
BASICS
Description
- Expectoration of blood, originating from the tracheobronchial tree
- Source of bleeding is typically from bronchial arteries (95%) or pulmonary arteries (5%):
- Lesions to the bronchial arteries usually produce profuse bleeding, whereas bleeding from the pulmonary arteries generates only small amounts.
- Threshold of massive hemoptysis defined has been defined from 100 mL–1L/24 h:
- >8 mL/kg/d in children
- Most common definition is >399 mL/24 hr
- Mortality:
- Massive hemoptysis (>500 mL/24 hr): 38%
- Trivial to moderate hemoptysis (<500 mL/24): 4.5%
- Malignancy and coagulopathy increase the risk of mortality.
Etiology
- Infectious (most common cause):
- Acute or chronic bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Viral (influenza, varicella)
- Fungal (Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces)
- Parasitic (Ascariasis, Amebiasis, Paragonimiasis, Echinococcus)
- Neoplastic:
- Squamous cell, small cell, carcinoid ...
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