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Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Neonatal Updated 3/2011

Mary Cataletto, MD
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BASICS

  • Description
  • Epidemiology
  • Risk Factors
  • General Prevention
  • Pathophysiology

DIAGNOSIS

  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Tests
  • Differential Diagnosis

TREATMENT

  • Medication (Drugs)
  • Additional Treatment
  • In-patient Considerations

Ongoing Care

  • Diet
  • Patient Education
  • Prognosis
  • Complications
The following is an excerpt....
BASICS
Description
  • Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a serious disorder of prematurity with a clinical manifestation of respiratory distress.
  • Pulmonary surfactants that are deficient at birth and an overly compliant chest wall cause diffuse lung atelectasis.
  • Must differentiate from pneumonia, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), sepsis, meconium aspiration
  • System(s) affected: Pulmonary
  • Synonym: Hyaline membrane disease
ALERT:
  • A disorder of the neonatal period
Epidemiology
Incidence
  • Affects 40,000 neonates each year in the US and accounts for ~6% of neonatal deaths
  • Predominant age: Neonatal
  • Predominant sex: Slight male predominance
  • ~50% of neonates with birth weights of 501–1,500 g
  • Inversely proportional to gestational age and birth weight
  • In 1 study, rates of RDS, regardless of mode of ...

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Figure 29-13 Chest x-ray film of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE). A premature infant with severe respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation developed worsening respiratory acidosis and hypoxia refractory to increased ventilatory support. An anteroposterior chest x-ray film demonstrates a salt-and-pepper pattern resulting from radiolucent interstitial air surrounding compressed lung tissue. A left chest tube was placed to treat pneumothorax, a common complication of pulmonary interstitial emphysema.Credit: Mhairi G. MacDonald, Mary M. K. Seshia, etal. Avery's Neonatology Pathophysiology & Management of the Newborn, 6th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.